Torn meniscus

A torn meniscus is a common knee injury involving damage to the cartilage that cushions your knee joint. Each knee has two C-shaped menisci that act as shock absorbers and help stabilise your joint. Tears can happen suddenly during sports or gradually with age. Symptoms include pain, swelling, stiffness, and treatment may involve rest, physiotherapy, or surgery, depending on the severity. A torn meniscus prognosis is generally good - most people recover fully with proper care.

What is a torn meniscus?

A torn meniscus is a common knee injury that occurs when the cartilage in your knee joint tears, often due to sudden twisting or excessive force. 
Each of your knees has two C-shaped pieces of cartilage - the medial meniscus (inside of your knee) and the lateral meniscus (outside of your knee). These structures act as shock absorbers, cushioning your bones and stabilising your joint.
Meniscus tears can happen during sports, sudden movements, or even daily activities, particularly in older adults whose cartilage has weakened over time. Arthritis can also contribute to meniscus degeneration, making it more prone to injury.

Types of meniscus tears

There are two primary types of meniscus tears:

• Medial meniscus tear - affects the cartilage on the inside of your knee.
• Lateral meniscus tear - affects the cartilage on the outside of your knee.

Both types can vary in severity, from minor fraying to complete tears, sometimes occurring alongside other knee injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) damage.

Torn meniscus symptoms

Symptoms of a torn meniscus can develop gradually or suddenly, depending on the severity of the injury. Common signs include:

• A popping sensation at the time of injury.
• Swelling or stiffness, which may take hours or days to appear.
• Pain, especially when twisting or rotating your knee.
• Difficulty straightening your knee fully.
• Locking or catching when trying to move your knee.
• Instability where your knee feels like it might give way.

If you have torn meniscus symptoms and suspect a meniscus tear, it’s important to seek medical evaluation to determine the best course of treatment.

What does a torn meniscus look like on the outside

A torn meniscus typically doesn’t show visible signs on the outside, as the injury occurs deep within the knee joint. However, in some cases, you may notice swelling, puffiness, or a slight bulge around the knee. These external changes are usually due to inflammation or fluid buildup following the injury. In more severe cases, where part of the meniscus moves out of place, there may be a visible deformity or unevenness in the shape of the knee.
Because outward signs can be subtle or absent, the best way to confirm the injury is with a clinical examination and imaging tests such as an MRI. If you're asking, what does a torn meniscus look like on the outside, the answer is that it often looks normal, but underlying damage still requires medical attention.

What causes meniscus tears? 

A torn meniscus can result from sudden twisting, pivoting, or excessive force on your knee. This often happens during sports, particularly those involving quick directional changes, such as football, basketball, and tennis. Even deep squatting, kneeling, or lifting heavy objects can lead to a tear.
In older adults, meniscus tears can occur due to degenerative changes in your knee, where cartilage weakens over time. In these cases, even minor movements, such as standing up awkwardly or stepping on an uneven surface, may cause a tear. Arthritis can also contribute to meniscus degeneration, increasing the likelihood of injury.

Risk factors for meniscus tears

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing a meniscus tear:

• Sports and physical activity - high-impact sports that involve twisting, pivoting, or sudden stops put athletes at greater risk.
• Age and degeneration - as cartilage wears down with age, the risk of degenerative meniscus tears increases.
• Obesity - excess weight places additional stress on your knee joint, making it more vulnerable to injury.
• Previous knee injuries - a history of ACL injuries or knee trauma can weaken the meniscus, increasing the likelihood of future tears.

How is a torn meniscus diagnosed?

A torn meniscus is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination and imaging tests.

Physical examination

 A doctor will assess your knee by checking for swelling, tenderness, and range of motion limitations.  They may perform a specific torn meniscus symptoms test, such as the McMurray or Thessaly test, which involve rotating the knee to detect pain, clicking, or locking sensations that suggest a tear.

Imaging tests

Imaging tests are often used to confirm a diagnosis. X-rays can help rule out other causes of knee pain, such as fractures or arthritis, although they don’t show cartilage directly. An MRI is the most effective imaging tool for identifying meniscus tears, as it provides detailed images of both soft and hard tissues in the knee.

Knee arthroscopy 

In some cases, your doctor may recommend knee arthroscopy. This minimally invasive procedure involves inserting a small camera (arthroscope) into your knee joint through a tiny incision. It allows the surgeon to view the inside of your knee in real time and, if necessary, treat the tear during the same procedure.

Torn meniscus prognosis

The prognosis for a torn meniscus is generally very positive, especially with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Most people are able to return to full activity, whether they recover through conservative care or surgical intervention.

For those who undergo meniscus repair surgery, recovery typically involves a few months of physiotherapy to restore strength and mobility. Patients who have a partial meniscectomy (removal of part of the meniscus) often recover more quickly, but may face a slightly increased risk of developing osteoarthritis in the long term due to reduced shock absorption in the knee joint. 

With proper rehabilitation and ongoing joint care, many individuals regain full function and return to sports, work, and daily activities without lasting limitations. 

Torn meniscus treatment

Specific treatment for a meniscus tear depends on several factors, including age, overall health, severity of the injury, and personal preferences. Some tears heal with conservative management, while others may require surgical intervention.

At home treatment for a torn meniscus 

Torn meniscus treatment often begins conservatively, focusing on pain relief and healing. Many tears improve over time without surgery, especially those linked to arthritis or minor injuries. A common approach is the RICE method (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), which helps reduce swelling and promote recovery:

• Rest - avoid activities that worsen your knee pain, such as twisting or pivoting. Crutches may help reduce pressure on your knee.
• Ice - apply a cold pack for 15 to 20 minutes every few hours to reduce swelling.
• Compression - use a knee brace or bandage to support your joint and minimise swelling.
• Elevation - keep your knee raised above heart level to reduce inflammation.

Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help manage discomfort and reduce inflammation. If pain persists or worsens, consulting a healthcare provider is recommended to explore additional treatment options.

Physiotherapy and exercise for a torn meniscus 

Physiotherapy is often recommended to strengthen muscles around your knee, improve stability, and restore your range of motion. A physiotherapist may design a rehabilitation program of exercises for a torn meniscus that includes:

• Strengthening exercises for your quadriceps and hamstrings.
• Gentle stretching to improve flexibility.
• Low-impact activities like cycling, swimming, or walking on a treadmill to maintain your fitness without excessive strain.

Torn meniscus surgery

If symptoms persist despite conservative treatment, torn meniscus surgery may be necessary. There are two main surgical approaches: arthroscopic surgery and knee replacement, depending on the severity of the injury and overall knee health.

Arthroscopic surgery

Knee arthroscopic surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used to repair or remove damaged cartilage. During the procedure, your surgeon inserts a tiny camera into your knee joint to assess the damage and perform repairs. Arthroscopic surgical options include:

• Meniscus repair - sutures hold your torn meniscus together while it heals.
• Meniscectomy - removes of the damaged portion of your meniscus to relieve symptoms.

Arthroscopic surgery is often recommended for younger patients or those with isolated meniscus tears, as preserving as much of the meniscus as possible helps maintain knee function. 

Knee replacement

If you have severe arthritis-related meniscus damage, a total knee replacement may be necessary. This procedure involves replacing your damaged knee joint with an artificial implant, restoring mobility and reducing pain. Knee replacement is typically recommended when:

• Your meniscus tear is severe and accompanied by advanced arthritis.
• Conservative treatments and arthroscopic surgery fail to provide relief.
• Your knee joint has significant degeneration, affecting daily activities.

Knee replacement can significantly improve your quality of life, especially for older adults with chronic knee pain.

Torn meniscus recovery time

How long does it take to heal a torn meniscus? Torn meniscus recovery time depends on the severity of the tear and the treatment used: 

• Conservative treatment (rest, physiotherapy) - recovery usually takes 4 to 8 weeks.
• Arthroscopic surgery - most people return to daily activities in 6 to 12 weeks, with full sports recovery taking up to 6 to 9 months.
• Knee replacement (for severe damage) - recovery can take 6 to 12 months.  

Following your rehab plan and staying active at the right pace can help speed up your torn meniscus recovery time and reduce long-term issues. 

How to prevent meniscus tears

While accidental injuries can be difficult to avoid, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of a torn meniscus:  

• Strengthen your knee-supporting muscles - focus on quads, hamstrings, calves, and glutes to improve stability.  
• Improve flexibility and mobility - stretch regularly to maintain joint health and reduce strain.  
• Wear proper footwear - choose athletic shoes that provide adequate support for your activity.  
• Use a knee brace if needed - if your knee feels unstable or weak, a brace can offer extra protection.  
• Gradually increase activity intensity - avoid sudden increases in exercise intensity to prevent excessive strain.  
• Warm up and cool down - prepare your muscles before activity and allow them to recover afterward.  

By following these steps, you can help protect your knees and lower your chances of injury. 

Torn meniscus diagnosis and treatment at Ramsay Health Care

Ramsay Health Care UK provides comprehensive care for a torn meniscus, from fast-track diagnosis to personalised treatment plans. Their orthopaedic specialists offer access to advanced imaging to confirm the extent of the injury and guide next steps.

Treatment options include conservative management, like physiotherapy and guided rehabilitation, as well as arthroscopic meniscus surgery for more complex or persistent tears.

Whether your injury is sports-related or due to wear and tear, Ramsay’s team is committed to helping you recover mobility, reduce pain, and return to daily life with confidence.